Description
At a time when environmental concerns are increasing, it’s important that chemical processes are as environmentally friendly as possible. This book outlines various methods for producing inorganic and organic solvents without the use of traditional solvents that can have detrimental effects on the environment. * This is the first book to give extensive and exclusive coverage to the topic * Includes important environmental issues This book will appeal to anyone with an interest in organic synthesis; reaction chemistry; catalysis; and process development, and to undergraduate and graduate students of organic chemistry; catalysis; green chemistry; clean technology and environmental chemistry courses. Preface. Abbreviations and Acronyms. 1 Chemistry in Alternative Reaction Media. 1.1 Economic and Political Considerations. 1.2 Why Do Things Dissolve? 1.3 Solvent Properties and Solvent Classification. 1.4 Solvent Polarity. 1.5 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Chemical Systems. 1.6 W hat is Required from Alternative Solvent Strategies? References. 2 Multiphasic Solvent Systems. 2.1 An Introduction to Multiphasic Chemistry. 2.2 Solvent Combinations. 2.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Multiphasic Systems. 2.4 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions. 2.5 Kinetics of Biphasic Reactions. 2.6 Conclusions. References. 3 Reactions in Fluorous Media. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Properties of Perfluorinated Solvents. 3.3 Designing Molecules for Fluorous Compatibility. 3.4 Probing the Effect of Perfluoroalkylation on Ligand Properties. 3.5 Partition Coefficients. 3.6 Liquid-Liquid Extractions. 3.7 Solid Separations. 3.8 Conclusions. References. 4 Ionic Liquids. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids. 4.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Ionic Liquids in Synthesis. 4.4 Catalyst Design. 4.5 Conclusions. References. 5 Reactions in Water. 5.1 The Structure and Properties of Water. 5.2 The Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Water in Chemical Synthesis. 5.3 Organometallic Reactions in Water. 5.4 Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis. 5.5 Phase Transfer Catalysis. 5.6 Organometallic Catalysis under Phase Transfer Conditions. 5.7 Triphase Catalysis. 5.8 Conclusions. References. 6 Supercritical Fluids. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Physical Properties. 6.3 Local Density Augmentation. 6.4 Supercritical Fluids as Replacement Solvents. 6.5 Reactor Design. 6.6 Spectroscopic Analysis of Supercritical Media. 6.7 Reactions in Supercritical Media. 6.8 Conclusions. References. 7 Diels-Alder Reactions in Alternative Media. 7.1 Diels-Alder Reactions in Water. 7.2 Diels-Alder Reactions in Perfluorinated Solvents. 7.3 Diels-Alder Reactions in Ionic Liquids. 7.4 Diels-Alder Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. 7.5 Conclusions. References. 8 Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation Reactions in Alternative Solvents. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Hydrogenation of Simple Alkenes and Arenes. 8.3 Hydroformylation Reactions in Alternative Media. 8.4 Conclusions. References. 9 FromAlkanestoCO2: Oxidation in Alternative Reaction Media. 9.1 Oxidation of Alkanes. 9.2 Oxidation of Alkenes. 9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols. 9.4 Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones. 9.5 Destructive Oxidation. 9.6 Conclusions. References. 10 Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation, Metathesis and Polymerization. 10.1 Carbon-Carbon Coupling Reactions. 10.2 Metathesis Reactions. 10.3 Polymerization Reactions in Alternative Reaction Media. 10.4 Conclusions. References. 11 Alternative Reaction Media in Industrial Processes. 11.1 Obstacles and Opportunities for Alternative Media. 11.2 Reactor Considerations for Alternative Media. 11.3 Industrial Applications of Alternative Solvent Systems. 11.4 Outlook for Fluorous Solvents and Ionic Liquids. 11.5 Conclusions. References. Index.
