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Burkhard Madea is Professor and Head of the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Bonn, Germany. Handbook of Forensic medicine ( 2nd Edition) Contents Brief Contents List of Contributors Preface Foreword by Duarte Nuno Vieira PART I Duties of Forensic Medicine in Modern Societies 1 History Burkhard Madea 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Civilisations of the Near East and China 1.3 Justinian enactments 1.4 Further developments and Italian town charters 1.5 Forensic medicine as a book science 1.6 Forensic medicine as an experimental science 1.7 Current problems 2 Duties of Forensic Medicine and the forensic medicine practitioner Burkhard Madea 2.1 The expert witness Brigitte Tag 3 Forensic Medicine and Human Rights Duarte Nuno Vieira Hans Petter Hougen 3.1 Human rights issues 3.2 Torture 4 International Guidelines and Accreditation in Forensic Medicine Peter Wiegand, Burkhard Madea and Frank Musshoff 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Recommendations for forensic DNA laboratories based on ISO/IEC 17025 4.3 Recommendations for forensic toxicological laboratories based on ISO/IEC 17025 4.4 Recommendations for forensic pathology based on ISO/IEC 17025 4.5 Recommendations for clinical forensic medicine based on ISO/IEC 17020 PART II Medical Aspects of Death 5 Nature and Definition of Death Burkhard Madea 5.1 Death and dying 5.2 Determination of death 6 Certification of Death: External Postmortem Examination Burkhard Madea and Antonella Argo 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Cause of death 6.3 Causes of death as shown by cause of death statistics 6.4 Consistency between cause of death diagnosis on the death certificate and following autopsy 6.5 Manner of death 6.6 Special constellations of circumstances in external postmortem examination 6.7 Checklist for external postmortem examination (according to Madea, 2006) 6.8 Identifcation of the corpse 6.9 Examination of the corpse 6.10 Completing the death certificate 7 Postmortem Changes and Time since Death Burkhard Madea, C. Henssge, S. Reibe, M. Tsokos 7.1 Early postmortem changes Burkhard Madea and Claus Henssge 7.2 Later postmortem changes: decomposition Burkhard Madea 7.3 Timing of death Burkhard Madea and Claus Henssge 7.4 Basic forensic entomology Sakia Reibe 7.5 Postmortem injuries Michael Tsokos 8 Cremation C. T. Buschmann, M. Windgassen and M. Tsokos 8.1 Short history of cremation 8.2 Cremation in the modern day 8.3 Process of cremation and modification of the corpse during cremation 8.4 Remnants of cremation 8.5 Conclusions 8.6 Imbalming, Marc Windgassen 9 Crime Scene and Crime Scene Investigations Henrik Druid 9.1 Blood stain pattern analysis Henrik Druid 10 Autopsy T. Knudsen, J. L. Thomsen, G. Ampanozi and P. M. J. Thali 10.1 Introduction Peter Thiis Knudsen and Joergen L. Thomsen 10.2 Medicolegal autopsy Peter Thiis Knudsen and Joergen L. Thomsen 10.3 Clinical autopsy Peter Thiis Knudsen and Joergen L. Thomsen 10.4 Autopsy report Peter Thiis Knudsen and Joergen L. Thomsen 10.5 Exhumation Wolfgang Grellner 10.6 Forensic imaging, CT Angiography Garyfalia Ampanozi, Jakob Heimer, Lars Ebert and Michael J. Thali 10.7 Molecular Pathology, Antti Sajantila Molecular Pathology of violent death, Takahito Hayashi 10.8 Forensic Microbiology Antonella Argo, Antti Sajantila 11 The Doctor, the Dead and the Relatives, Antonella Argo 11.1 Pronouncing life extinct and informing the next of kin about death 11.2 Role of the deceased 11.3 Respect for taboos and propriety 11.4 Manner of death and police investigations 11.5 Dealing with the relatives 12 Transplantation Brigitte Tag 12.1 Regulations and procedures in Germany and Switzerland 12.2 Legal prerequisites and procedures in the UK, U.S.A., Australia, Japan 12.3 Criteria for the diagnosis of brain death in the UK 12.4 Special forensic medical aspects of organ donation and tissue retrieval 13 Anthropology and Osteology C. Cattaneo and D. Gibelli 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Preliminary steps 13.3 Diagnosis of species 13.4 Biological profile: the main role of anthropology 13.5 Facial reconstruction 13.6 Geographical origin 14 Mass Disaster Victim Identification R. Lessig, M. Prinz, G. Rutty, B. Ludes 14.1 Introduction, R. Lessig, M. Prinz 14.2 International cooperation, R. Lessig, M. Prinz 14.3 DVI team structure, R. Lessig, M. Prinz 14.4 Standardisation, R. Lessig, M. Prinz 14.5 Forensic odontology standards, R. Lessig, M. Prinz 14.6 Forensic molecular biology standards, R. Lessig, M. Prinz 14.7 Radiology standards, R. Lessig, M. Prinz 14.8 Chemical biological radioactive nuclear explosive weapons, R. Lessig, M. Prinz with the assistance of Markus Rothschild and Klaus-Peter Benedix 14.9 Documentation and quality management R. Lessig, M. Prinz 14.10 Radiology guidelines for mass fatalities, G. Rutty 14.11 Fire fatalities, G. Rutty 14.12 Terroristic attacks B. Ludes PART III Traumatology and Violent Death 15 Legal Aspects of Traumatology and Violent Death P. Beh 15.1 Definitions 15.2 Basic legal principles 15.3 Conclusion 16 Traumatology and Criminology P. Beh 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Homicide 16.3 Non-homicidal events 16.4 Suicide 16.5 Torture 16.6 Homicide, suicide or accident? 16.7 Child Fatality Reviews 17 Some Preliminary Remarks Concerning Biomechanical Principles B. Madea, H.-D. Wehner [i] 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Separation of coherence through the impact of tensile stress 17.3 Separation of coherence through the impact of shear stress 18 Sequelae of Traumatic Injuries and Causes of Death G. Rutty and M. Tsokos 18.1 Introduction Guy Rutty 18.2 Sepsis and multiple organ failure Michael Tsokos 19 Vital Reactions and Wound Age Estimation Burkhard Madea, W. Grellne,r T. Kondo and C. Jackowski 19.1 Vital reactions Burkhard Madea , C. Jackowski 19.2 Wound age estimation: general introduction and methods Wolfgang Grellner 19.3 Wound age estimation: molecular biology Toshikazu Kondo 19.4 Dating of fractures Veronique Henn 20 Mechanical Trauma and Classification of Wounds Burkhard Madea, S. Pollak, A. Thierauf, C. Meissner, M. Oehmichen and P. M. Leth 20.1 Classification of Violence Burkhard Madea 20.2 Blunt force injury Stefan Pollak and Annette Thierauf 20.2 Kicking Veronique Henn 20.3 Forensic neuropathology Christoph Meissner and Manfred Oehmichen 20.4 Sharp force injury Peter Mygind Leth 21 Forensic Ballistics: Injuries from Gunshots, Explosives and Arrows B. Karger 21.1. Introduction 21.2 Firearms 21.3 Arrow wounds 21.4 Explosive injuries 22 Asphyxiation W. Keil and P. Lunetta, R. Vann, M. Kettner and B. Madea 22.1 Asphyxiation Wolfgang Keil, B. Madea 22.2 Drowning Philippe Lunetta 22.3 Barotrauma and diving-related accidents Philippe Lunetta and Richard Vann 22.4 Immersion time Burkhard Madea 22.5. Death in high altitude and barotrauma M. Kettner 23 Injuries due to Heat Burkhard Madea, Elke Doberentz and Takahito Hayashi 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Burns from heat 23.3 Causes of death from heat 23.4 Scalding 23.5 Generalised heat damage and hyperthermia 23.6 Diagnosis 24 Injuries due to Cold Burkhard Madea, Elke Doberentz and Takahito Hayashi 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Pathophysiology 24.3 Clinical phases of hypothermia 24.4 Epidemiology 24.5 Morphological and biochemical changes 24.6 Criminal aspects 25 Electrocution and Lightning R. Blumenthal 25.1 Electrocution 25.2 Lightning 26 Starvation and Neglect Burkhard Madea, Elke Doberentz 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Clinical and autopsy findings in starvation 26.3 Classification systems 26.4 Death from starvation 26.5 Physical neglect 26.6 Sarcopenia, Malnutrition, Hunger Strikes 27 Infanticide T. Bajanwoski, Janine Helmus and Sibylle Banaschak 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Stillbirth 27.3 Neonaticide 27.4 Investigation of mothers and neonates 27.5 Age estimation of fetal remains 28 Death during Pregnancy E. Lignitz and Veronique Henn 28.1 Analysis of maternal mortality 28.2 Pregnancy as a physiological process with specific risks 28.3 Maternal death directly due to gestation 28.4 Maternal death indirectly due to gestation 28.5 Iatrogenic maternal death 28.6 Maternal death not due to gestation 29 Autoerotic Death Marc Windgassen 29.1 General Aspects 29.2 Categorisation of death cases 29.3 Possible mechanisms of death 29.4 Typical injuries to male genitalia and special cases , Chemsex 30 Death in an Abnormal Position: Physical Restraint J. C. Hunsaker III, Lisa Shields 30.1 Custody and restraint death 30.2 Extrinsic factors 30.3 Instrinsic factors 30.4 Controversies: excited delirium 30.5 Investigation of death in custody: restraint and body position 30.6 Certification of death 31 Sexual Homicide P. Beh 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Profiling offenders in a sex-related homicide 31.3 Crime assessment 31.4 Conclusions 32 Medical Malpractice Burkhard Madea, Claas Buschmann 32.1 Introduction B. Madea 32.2 Definitions B. Madea 32.3 Epidemiology B. Madea 32.4 Value of autopsies B. Madea 32.5 New approaches B. Madea 32.6 Conclusions B. Madea 32.7 Resuscitation-related injuries C. Buschmann 33 Special Issues Regarding Expert Evidence in Violent Deaths R. Amberg, Burkhard Madea, J. L. Thomsen, Martin Worm-Leonhard and Paolo Procaccianti 33.1 Priority and order of injuries and survival times Johanna Preu-Wssner, Rainer Amberg and Burkhard Madea 33.2 Physical activity after injuries and survival times Johanna Preu-Wssner, Rainer Amberg and Burkhard Madea 33.3 Postmortem mutilation Rainer Johanna Preu-Wssner, Amberg and Burkhard Madea 33.4 Alcohol-related deaths Jorgen L Thomsen and Martin Worm-Leonhard 33.5 Death due to drug addiction Jorgen L Thomsen 33.6 Mafia-related deaths Paolo Procaccianti PART IV Sudden and Unexpected Death from Natural Causes 34 Natural causes of sudden death P. Ricci and V. Fineschi 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Cardiac causes of sudden death 34.3 Non-cardiac causes of sudden death 34.4 Corona-associated deaths K. Pschel 35 Postmortem Biochemistry as an Aid in Determining the Cause of Death Postmortem Biochemistry Takaki Ishikawa Experiences from Osaka Takaki Ishikawa 36 Sudden and Unexpected Deaths in Infants and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Thomas Bajanowski and Jan Sperhake 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Sudden infant death syndrome 36.3 Other main causes of death in SUDI cases and during childhood 36.4 Practical investigation of SUDI/SIDS 36.5 Conclusions PART V Clinical Forensic Medicine 37 Sexual Abuse Cristina Cattaneo, Daniele Gibelli and Marina Ruspa 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Examination of the victim 37.3 Sexually transmitted infections 37.4 Toxicological analysis 37.5 Legal outcome 37.6 Juventile pornography Appendices 38 Non-Sexual Abuse in Children Robert A. Minns, Burkhard Madea and Elke Doberentz 38.1 Non-accidental head injury in children Robert A. Minns 38.2 Child abuse Burkhard Madea and Elke Doberentz 39 Intimate Partner and Domestic Violence Saskia Etzold 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Causes and reasons for domestic violence 39.3 Effects and consequences of domestic abuse 39.4 The cycle of violence 39.5 Diagnostic procedures 39.6 Human immunodeficiency virus and domestic abuse 39.7 Challenges facing older women 40 School Violence Cristina Cattaneo 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Statistical data from various countries 40.3 Motives and reasons for school violence and its identification 40.4 Prevention and interventional procedures 41 Violence against Homosexuals Cristina Cattaneo 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Characteristics of gay violence 41.3 Violence in straight versus homosexual relationships 41.4 Problems with statistical data and underlying causes 42 Violence Against the Elderly John C. Hunsaker III / Lisa Shields 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Definition and scope of elder mistreatment 42.3 Types of abuse in the elderly 42.4 Mimics of elder abuse 42.5 Clinical evaluation in living patients 42.6 Medicolegal investigations 42.7 Conclusions 43 Self-harm Saskia Etzold 43.1 Definitions, phenomenology and underlying causes 43.2 Historical aspects, epidemiology and statistical data 43.3 Classification and phenomenology of self-harm groups 43.4 Diagnostic procedures 43.5 Euthanasia 44 Age Estimation in Living Individuals Andreas Schmeling 44.1 Introduction 44.2 Age estimation in adolescents and young adults 44.3 Influence of ethnicity on development 44.4 Expert reports 44.5 Age estimation in child pornographic images 44.6 Age estimation in old age proceedings 44.7 Quality assurance PART VI Forensic Psychiatry 45 Forensic psychiatry Alan R. Felthous and Henning Sa 45.1 Definitions 45.2 Inquisitorial versus adversarial legal systems 45.3 Forensic psychiatry examinations 45.4 Civil law, competencies and general legal competency 45.5 Competencies in criminal law 45.6 Criminal responsibility 45.7 Forensic security hospitals 45.8 Formal education in the subspeciality of forensic psychiatry 45.9 Conclusions PART VII Toxicology 46 Legal Aspects of Toxicology Ilkka Ojanper 46.1 Introduction 46.2 Administrative issues 46.3 Abused and controlled substances 46.4 Postmortem toxicology 46.5 Clinical forensic toxicology 46.6 Doping 46.7 Sabotage, terrorism and chemical warfare 47 Epidemiology and Adverse Drug Reactions Olaf H. Drummer, Dimitri Gerostamoulos and Jennifer L. Pilgrim 47.1 Introduction 47.2 Adverse drug reactions and side effects 47.3 Inherent toxicity of a substance 47.4 Epidemiology 47.5 Evidence basis for toxicity 47.6 Conclusions 48 Suspicion of Poisoning Hans H. Maurer , Markus M. Meyer and Graham R. Jones 48.1 Diagnosis of acute poisoning Maurer, Meyer 48.2 Specimen collection for forensic toxicology Graham R. Jones 48.3 Clinical signs and syndromes in intoxication Hans H. Maurer and Markus M. Meyer 49 Toxicological Analysis: Drug Screening and Confirmation Olaf H. Drummer and Dimitri Gerostamoulos 49.1 Introduction 49.2 Screening and confirmation tests What should general unknown screening include? 49.3 Isolation steps 49.4 Instrumentation used in forensic toxicology 49.5 Analytical methods Alernative matrices like oral fluid, vitreous humor, hair 49.6 Method performance 50 Issues Affecting Interpretation: Stability and Artefacts Gisela Skopp 50.1 Introduction 50.2 Definition of stability and common causes of instability and artificial formation 50.3 Stability of drugs and potential artefacts 50.4 Postmortem redistribution 50.5 Sampling artefacts and measures to increase drug stability 50.6 Influence of storage 50.7 Instability of drugs and artificial formation during processing and analysis 50.8 Procedures for evaluating stability and artefacts 50.9 Conclusions 51 Toxicokinetics/Toxicogenetics Markus M. Meyer and Hans H. Maurer 50.1 Introduction and the LADME principle 51.2 Basic kinetic parameters
