Description
The emerging field of green analytical chemistry is concerned with the development of analytical procedures that minimize consumption of hazardous reagents and solvents, and maximize safety for operators and the environment. In recent years there have been significant developments in methodological and technological tools to prevent and reduce the deleterious effects of analytical activities; key strategies include recycling, replacement, reduction and detoxification of reagents and solvents. The Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry provides a comprehensive overview of the present state and recent developments in green chemical analysis. A series of detailed chapters, written by international specialists in the field, discuss the fundamental principles of green analytical chemistry and present a catalogue of tools for developing environmentally friendly analytical techniques. List of Contributors xv Preface xix Section I: Concepts 1 1 The Concept of Green Analytical Chemistry 3 Miguel de la Guardia and Salvador Garrigues 1.1 Green Analytical Chemistry in the frame of Green Chemistry 3 1.2 Green Analytical Chemistry versus Analytical Chemistry 7 1.3 The ethical compromise of sustainability 9 1.4 The business opportunities of clean methods 11 1.5 The attitudes of the scientific community 12 References 14 2 Education in Green Analytical Chemistry 17 Miguel de la Guardia and Salvador Garrigues 2.1 The structure of the Analytical Chemistry paradigm 17 2.2 The social perception of Analytical Chemistry 20 2.3 Teaching Analytical Chemistry 21 2.4 Teaching Green Analytical Chemistry 25 2.5 From the bench to the real world 26 2.6 Making sustainable professionals for the future 28 References 29 3 Green Analytical Laboratory Experiments 31 Suparna Dutta and Arabinda K. Das 3.1 Greening the university laboratories 31 3.2 Green laboratory experiments 33 3.3 The place of Green Analytical Chemistry in the future of our laboratories 52 References 52 4 Publishing in Green Analytical Chemistry 55 Salvador Garrigues and Miguel de la Guardia 4.1 A bibliometric study of the literature in Green Analytical Chemistry 56 4.2 Milestones of the literature on Green Analytical Chemistry 57 4.3 The need for powerful keywords 61 4.4 A new attitude of authors faced with green parameters 62 4.5 A proposal for editors and reviewers 64 4.6 The future starts now 65 References 66 Section II: The Analytical Process 67 5 Greening Sampling Techniques 69 Jos Luis Gmez Ariza and Tamara Garca Barrera 5.1 Greening analytical chemistry solutions for sampling 70 5.2 New green approaches to reduce problems related to sample losses, sample contamination, transport and storage 70 5.3 Greening analytical in-line systems 76 5.4 In-field sampling 77 5.5 Environmentally friendly sample stabilization 79 5.6 Sampling for automatization 79 5.7 Future possibilities in green sampling 80 References 80 6 Direct Analysis of Samples 85 Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia 6.1 Remote environmental sensing 85 6.2 Process monitoring: in-line, on-line and at-line measurements 91 6.3 At-line non-destructive or quasi non-destructive measurements 94 6.4 New challenges in direct analysis 97 References 98 7 Green Analytical Chemistry Approaches in Sample Preparation 103 Marek Tobiszewski, Agata Mechlinska and Jacek Namiesnik 7.1 About sample preparation 103 7.2 Miniaturized extraction techniques 104 7.3 Alternative solvents 113 7.4 Assisted extractions 117 7.5 Final remarks 119 References 119 8 Green Sample Preparation with Non-Chromatographic Separation Techniques 125 Mara Dolores Luque de Castro and Miguel Alcaide Molina 8.1 Sample preparation in the frame of the analytical process 125 8.2 Separation techniques involving a gas-liquid interface 127 8.3 Techniques involving a liquid-liquid interface 133 8.4 Techniques involving a liquid-solid interface 139 8.5 A Green future for sample preparation 145 References 145 9 Capillary Electrophoresis 153 Mihkel Kaljurand 9.1 The capillary electrophoresis separation techniques 153 9.2 Capillary electrophoresis among other liquid phase separation methods 155 9.3 Possible ways of surmounting the disadvantages of CE 167 9.4 Sample preparation in CE 168 9.5 Is capillary electrophoresis a green alternative? 169 References 170 10 Green Chromatography 175 Chi-Yu Lu 10.1 Greening liquid chromatography 175 10.2 Green solvents 176 10.3 Green instruments 178 References 185 11 Green Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 199 Martn Resano, Esperanza Garca-Ruiz and Miguel A. Belarra 11.1 Atomic spectrometry in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry 199 11.2 Improvements in sample pretreatment strategies 202 11.3 Direct solid sampling techniques 205 11.4 Future for green analytical atomic spectrometry 213 References 215 12 Solid Phase Molecular Spectroscopy 221 Antonio Molina-Daz, Juan Francisco Garca-Reyes and Natividad Ramos-Martos 12.1 Solid phase molecular spectroscopy: an approach to Green Analytical Chemistry 221 12.2 Fundamentals of solid phase molecular spectroscopy 222 12.3 Batch mode procedures 225 12.4 Flow mode procedures 226 12.5 Selected examples of application of solid phase molecular spectroscopy 233 12.6 The potential of flow solid phase envisaged from the point of view of Green Analytical Chemistry 235 References 240 13 Derivative Techniques in Molecular Absorption, Fluorimetry and Liquid Chromatography as Tools for Green Analytical Chemistry 245 Jos Manuel Cano Pavn, Amparo Garca de Torres, Catalina Bosch Ojeda, Fuensanta Snchez Rojas and Elisa I. Vereda Alonso 13.1 The derivative technique as a tool for Green Analytical Chemistry 245 13.2 Derivative absorption spectrometry in the UV-visible region 247 13.3 Derivative fluorescence spectrometry 250 13.4 Use of derivative signal techniques in liquid chromatography 254 References 255 14 Greening Electroanalytical Methods 261 Paloma Yez-Sedeo, Jos M. Pingarrn and Lucas Hernndez 14.1 Towards a more environmentally friendly electroanalysis 261 14.2 Electrode materials 262 14.3 Solvents 270 14.4 Electrochemical detection in flowing solutions 274 14.5 Biosensors 278 14.6 Future trends in green electroanalysis 282 References 282 Section III: Strategies 289 15 Energy Savings in Analytical Chemistry 291 Mihkel Koel 15.1 Energy consumption in analytical methods 291 15.2 Economy and saving energy in laboratory practice 294 15.3 Alternative sources of energy for processes 296 15.4 Using alternative solvents for energy savings 302 15.5 Efficient laboratory equipment 305 15.6 Effects of automation and micronization on energy consumption 307 15.7 Assessment of energy efficiency 312 References 316 16 Green Analytical Chemistry and Flow Injection Methodologies 321 Luis Dante Martnez, Soledad Cerutti and Ral Andrs Gil 16.1 Progress of automated techniques for Green Analytical Chemistry 321 16.2 Flow injection analysis 322 16.3 Sequential injection analysis 325 16.4 Lab-on-valve 327 16.5 Multicommutation 328 16.6 Conclusions and remarks 334 References 334 17 Miniaturization 339 Alberto Escarpa, Miguel ngel Lpez and Lourdes Ramos 17.1 Current needs and pitfalls in sample preparation 340 17.2 Non-integrated approaches for miniaturized sample preparation 341 17.3 Integrated approaches for sample preparation on microfluidic platforms 353 17.4 Final remarks 378 References 379 18 Micro- and Nanomaterials Based Detection Systems Applied in Lab-on-a-Chip Technology 389 Mariana Medina-Snchez and Arben Merkoi 18.1 Micro- and nanotechnology in Green Analytical Chemistry 389 18.2 Nanomaterials-based (bio)sensors 390 18.3 Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology 396 18.4 LOC applications 398 18.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 400 References 401 19 Photocatalytic Treatment of Laboratory Wastes Containing Hazardous Organic Compounds 407 Edmondo Pramauro, Alessandra Bianco Prevot and Debora Fabbri 19.1 Photocatalysis 407 19.2 Fundamentals of the photocatalytic process 408 19.3 Limits of the photocatalytic treatment 408 19.4 Usual photocatalytic procedure in laboratory practice 408 19.5 Influence of experimental parameters 411 19.6 Additives reducing the e-/h+ recombination 412 19.7 Analytical control of the photocatalytic treatment 413 19.8 Examples of possible applications of photocatalysis to the treatment of laboratory wastes 413 19.9 Continuous monitoring of photocatalytic treatment 420 References 420 Section IV: Fields of Application 425 20 Green Bioanalytical Chemistry 427 Tadashi Nishio and Hideko Kanazawa 20.1 The analytical techniques in bioanalysis 427 20.2 Environmental-responsive polymers 428 20.3 Preparation of a polymer-modified surface for the stationary phase of environmental-responsive chromatography 430 20.4 Temperature-responsive chromatography for green analytical methods 432 20.5 Biological analysis by temperature-responsive chromatography 432 20.6 Affinity chromatography for green bioseparation 436 20.7 Separation of biologically active molecules by the green chromatographic method 438 20.8 Protein separation by an aqueous chromatographic system 441 20.9 Ice chromatography 442 20.10 High-temperature liquid chromatography 443 20.11 Ionic liquids 443 20.12 The future in green bioanalysis 444 References 444 21 Infrared Spectroscopy in Biodiagnostics: A Green Analytical Approach 449 Mohammadreza Khanmohammadi and Amir Bagheri Garmarudi 21.1 Infrared spectroscopy capabilities 449 21.2 Infrared spectroscopy of bio-active chemicals in a bio-system 451 21.3 Medical analysis of body fluids by infrared spectroscopy 453 21.4 Diagnosis in tissue samples via IR spectroscopic analysis 457 21.5 New trends in infrared spectroscopy assisted biodiagnostics 468 References 470 22 Environmental Analysis 475 Ricardo Erthal Santelli, Marcos Almeida Bezerra, Julio Carlos Afonso, Maria de Ftima Batista de Carvalho, Eliane Padua Oliveira and Aline Soares Freire 22.1 Pollution and its control 475 22.2 Steps of an environmental analysis 476 22.3 Green environmental analysis for water, wastewater and effluent 480 22.4 Green environmental analysis applied for solid samples 485 22.5 Green environmental analysis applied for atmospheric samples 496 References 497 23 Green Industrial Analysis 505 Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia 23.1 Greening industrial practices for safety and cost reasons 505 23.2 The quality control of raw materials and end products 506 23.3 Process control 510 23.4 Effluent control 511 23.5 Working atmosphere control 514 23.6 The future starts now 515 References 515 Index 519
