Description
Part 1: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units 3 Chapter Objectives 3 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations) 3 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems 6 Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions 8 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure 10 Conservation of Mass and Material Balances 13 Energy and Heat Units 17 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 23 Numerical Methods for Integration 28 Chapter Summary 29 Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics 36 Chapter Objectives 36 Introduction 36 Fluid Statics 37 Chapter Summary 47 Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows 50 Chapter Objectives 50 Viscosity of Fluids 50 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number 54 Chapter Summary 58 Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances 61 Chapter Objectives 61 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation 62 Overall Energy Balance 68 Overall Momentum Balance 81 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 90 Chapter Summary 96 Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes 105 Chapter Objectives 105 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes 106 Compressible Flow of Gases 125 Measuring the Flow of Fluids 129 Chapter Summary 138 Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds 145 Chapter Objectives 145 Flow Past Immersed Objects 146 Flow in Packed Beds 150 Flow in Fluidized Beds 156 Chapter Summary 161 Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment 166 Chapter Objectives 166 Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment 166 Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements 176 Chapter Summary 192 Differential Equations of Fluid Flow 196 Chapter Objectives 196 Differential Equations of Continuity 196 Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion 202 Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion 207 Chapter Summary 216 Non-Newtonian Fluids 220 Chapter Objectives 220 Non-Newtonian Fluids 221 Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids 226 Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids 229 Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer 232 Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids 234 Chapter Summary 235 Potential Flow and Creeping Flow 239 Chapter Objectives 239 Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion 239 Stream Function 240 Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow) 241 Potential Flow and Velocity Potential 241 Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow 246 Chapter Summary 247 Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow 250 Chapter Objectives 250 Boundary-Layer Flow 251 Turbulent Flow 254 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis 260 Chapter Summary 263 Introduction to Heat Transfer 265 Chapter Objectives 265 Energy and Heat Units 265 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 271 Conduction and Thermal Conductivity 277 Convection 282 Radiation 284 Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials287 Chapter Summary 292 Steady-State Conduction 299 Chapter Objectives 299 Conduction Heat Transfer 299 Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection 305 Conduction with Internal Heat Generation 313 Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors 315 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions 318 Chapter Summary 326 Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer 332 Chapter Objectives 332 Derivation of the Basic Equation 332 Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance 334 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries 337 Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction 355 Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials 366 Differential Equation of Energy Change 372 Chapter Summary 376 Introduction to Convection 385 Chapter Objectives 385 Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer 385 Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer 389 Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes 394 Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection 402 Natural Convection Heat Transfer 408 Boiling and Condensation 415 Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids 424 Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients 427 Chapter Summary 436 Heat Exchangers 444 Chapter Objectives 444 Types of Exchangers 444 Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors 447 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 450 Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values 453 Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger 454 Chapter Summary 458 Heat Exchangers 444 Chapter Objectives 444 Types of Exchangers 444 Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors 447 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 450 Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values 453 Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger 454 Chapter Summary 458 Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer 461 Chapter Objectives 461 Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts 461 Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles 465 Chapter Summary 482 Introduction to Mass Transfer 487 Chapter Objectives 487 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion 487 Diffusion Coefficient 493 Convective Mass Transfer 508 Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction 508 Chapter Summary 512 Steady-State Mass Transfer 519 Chapter Objectives 519 Molecular Diffusion in Gases 519 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids 528 Molecular Diffusion in Solids 531 Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries 537 Diffusion in Biological Gels 544 Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State 546 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions 550 Chapter Summary 557 Unsteady-State Mass Transfer 568 Chapter Objectives 568 Unsteady-State Diffusion 568 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium 575 Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion 577 Chapter Summary 582 Convective Mass Transfer 586 Chapter Objectives 586 Convective Mass Transfer 586 Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer 594 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries 595 Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles 610 Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients 613 Chapter Summary 617 Part 2: Separation Process Principles Absorption and Stripping 627 Chapter Objectives 627 Equilibrium and Mass Transfer Between Phases 627 Introduction to Absorption 645 Pressure Drop and Flooding in Packed Towers 649 Design of Plate Absorption Towers 654 Design of Packed Towers for Absorption 656 Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers 672 Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers 675 Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers 679 Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption 682 Chapter Summary 685 Humidification Processes 694 Chapter Objectives 694 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 694 Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification 703 Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers 704 Chapter Summary 712 Filtration and Membrane Separation Processes (LiquidLiquid or SolidLiquid Phase) 716 Chapter Objectives 716 Introduction to Dead-End Filtration 716 Basic Theory of Filtration 722 Membrane Separations 732 Microfiltration Membrane Processes 733 Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes 734 Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes 738 Dialysis 747 Chapter Summary 751 Gaseous Membrane Systems 759 Chapter Objectives 759 Gas Permeation 759 Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 765 Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures 770 Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes773 Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by Membranes 779 Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes 787 Chapter Summary 798 Distillation 805 Chapter Objectives 805 Equilibrium Relations Between Phases 805 Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages 808 Simple Distillation Methods 813 Binary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabeThiele and Lewis Methods 818 Tray Efficiencies 836 Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser Duties 839 Fractional Distillation Using the EnthalpyConcentration Method 841 Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 851 Chapter Summary 862 LiquidLiquid Extraction 874 Chapter Objectives 874 Introduction to LiquidLiquid Extraction 874 Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction 878 Types of Equipment and Design for LiquidLiquid Extraction 880 Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction 889 Chapter Summary 901 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 907 Chapter Objectives 907 Introduction to Adsorption Processes 907 Batch Adsorption 910 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns 912 Ion-Exchange Processes 918 Chapter Summary 924 Crystallization and Particle Size Reduction 928 Chapter Objectives 928 Introduction to Crystallization 928 Crystallization Theory 935 Mechanical Size Reduction 942 Chapter Summary 947 Settling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation 952 Chapter Objectives 952 Settling and Sedimentation in ParticleFluid Separation 953 Centrifugal Separation Processes 966 Chapter Summary 979 Leaching 984 Chapter Objectives 984 Introduction and Equipment for LiquidSolid Leaching 984 Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching 990 Countercurrent Multistage Leaching 994 Chapter Summary 999 Evaporation 1002 Chapter Objectives 1002 Introduction 1002 Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods 1004 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators 1008 Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators 1010 Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators 1016 Condensers for Evaporators 1026 Evaporation of Biological Materials 1028 Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression 1029 Chapter Summary 1030 Drying 1035 Chapter Objectives 1035 Introduction and Methods of Drying 1035 Equipment for Drying 1036 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 1040 Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials 1049 Rate-of-Drying Curves 1052 Calculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying Period 1057 Calculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying Period 1062 Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate Period 1065 Drying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow 1068 Equations for Various Types of Dryers 1074 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials 1084 Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials 1088 Chapter Summary 1096 Part 3: Appendixes Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors 1107 Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water 1113 Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds 1124 Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials 1147 Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens 1151 Appendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data 1154 Notation 1156 Index 1166
